Plate with a Hole#

Plane stress structural linear analysis.

  • create and mesh a plate with a hole

  • load a linear-elastic plane stress material

  • export and plot stress results

A plate with length \(2L\), height \(2h\) and a hole with radius \(r\) is subjected to a displacement controlled uniaxial tension \(u_{ext}\). What is being looked for is the concentration of normal stress \(\sigma_{11}\) over the hole.

../_images/platehole.svg

Let’s create a meshed plate with a hole out of quad cells with the help of pygmsh (install with pip install pygmsh). Only a quarter model of the plate is considered. A boolean difference between a rectangle and a disk results in a plate with a hole. This plate is meshed with triangles. A so-called re-combination of the surface mesh gives a mesh with quad cells.

import felupe as fe
import pygmsh

h = 1.0
L = 2.0
r = 0.3

with pygmsh.occ.Geometry() as geom:

    geom.characteristic_length_min = 0.02
    geom.characteristic_length_max = 0.02

    rectangle = geom.add_rectangle([0, 0, 0], L, h)
    disk = geom.add_disk([0, 0, 0], r)

    plate = geom.boolean_difference(rectangle, disk)

    geom.set_recombined_surfaces(plate)
    mesh = geom.generate_mesh()

The points and cells of the above mesh are used to initiate a FElupe mesh.

mesh = fe.Mesh(
    points=mesh.points[:, :2],
    cells=mesh.cells[1].data,
    cell_type=mesh.cells[1].type
)
../_images/platewithhole_mesh.png

A numeric quad-region created on the mesh in combination with a vector-valued displacement field represents the plate. A uniaxial loadcase is applied on the displacement field. This involves setting up symmetry planes as well as the absolute value of the prescribed displacement in direction \(x\) at the mesh-points on the right-end face of the rectangle.

region = fe.RegionQuad(mesh)
displacement = fe.Field(region, dim=2)
field = fe.FieldContainer([displacement])

boundaries, loadcase = fe.dof.uniaxial(
    field, move=0.001, right=L, clamped=False
)

The material behavior is defined through a built-in isotropic linear-elastic material formulation for plane stress problems.

umat = fe.LinearElasticPlaneStress(E=210000, nu=0.3)

The weak form of linear elasticity is assembled into the stiffness matrix, where the constitutive elasticity matrix is generated with umat.hessian() (or the alias umat.elasticity()).

\[\delta W_{int} = - \int_v \delta \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} : \mathbb{C} : \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \ dv\]
K = fe.IntegralForm(
    fun=umat.elasticity(),
    v=field,
    dV=region.dV,
    u=field,
).assemble()

The linear equation system may now be solved. First, a partition into active and inactive degrees of freedom is performed. This partitioned system is then passed to the solver. The resulting displacements are directly added to the displacement field.

dof1 = loadcase["dof1"]
dof0 = loadcase["dof0"]
ext0 = loadcase["ext0"]

system = fe.solve.partition(field, K, dof1, dof0)
field += fe.solve.solve(*system, ext0)

Let’s evaluate the deformation gradient from the displacement field and calculate the stress tensor. This process is also called stress recovery.

F = field.extract()
stress = umat.gradient(F)[0]

However, the stress results are still located at the numeric integration points. Let’s project them to mesh points. Beside the stress tensor we are also interested in the equivalent stress von Mises. For the two-dimensional case it is calculated as:

\[\sigma_{vM} = \sqrt{\sigma_{11}^2 + \sigma_{22}^2 + 3 \ \sigma_{12}^2 + \sigma_{11} \ \sigma_{22}}\]
import numpy as np

vonmises = np.sqrt(
    stress[0, 0] ** 2 + stress[1, 1] ** 2 + 3 * stress[0, 1] ** 2 +
    stress[0, 0] * stress[1, 1]
)

stress_projected = fe.project(stress, region)
vonmises_projected = fe.project(vonmises, region)

Results are saved as VTK-files, where additional point-data is passed within the point_data argument. Stresses are normalized by the mean value of the stress at the right end-face in order to visualize a normalized stress distribution over the plate.

right = mesh.points[:, 0] == L

fe.save(
    region,
    field,
    filename="plate_with_hole.vtk",
    point_data={
        "Stress": (stress_projected /
            vonmises_projected[right].mean(axis=0)
        ),
        "Stress-von-Mises": (vonmises_projected /
            vonmises_projected[right].mean(axis=0)
        ),
    },
)
../_images/platewithhole_stress.png

The normal stress distribution over the hole at \(x=0\) is plotted with matplotlib.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

left = mesh.points[:, 0] == 0

plt.plot(
    mesh.points[:, 1][left] / h,
    (stress_projected /
        vonmises_projected[right].mean(axis=0)
    )[:, 0][left],
    "o-"
)

plt.xlim(0, 1)
plt.ylim(0, 3)

plt.grid()

plt.xlabel(r"$y/h\ \longrightarrow$")
plt.ylabel(r"$\sigma_{11}(x=0, y)\ /\ \sigma_{11}(x=x_{max})$ $\longrightarrow$")
../_images/platewithhole_stressplot.png